Antenna arrays refer to a collection of multiple antennas that work together to enhance the performance of wireless communication systems. These arrays can be arranged in various configurations, such as linear, circular, or planar layouts, to achieve specific radiation patterns and beamforming capabilities. Antenna arrays are commonly used in radar systems, satellite communications, cellular networks, and other applications where increased signal strength and coverage are required. Researchers in this area focus on designing, optimizing, and analyzing antenna arrays to improve their efficiency, directionality, and overall performance in various wireless communication systems.